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Stem Cell Marker Atlas

Quick Facts

FeatureInformation
PurposeCell Identification and Validation
ApplicationsICC, IF, Flow Cytometry, Western Blot, qPCR, scRNA-seq
Marker CategoriesLineage, Surface, Functional, Maturation, Transcription Factors
Best PracticeUse Marker Panels Rather Than Single Markers

Overview

The Stem Cell Marker Atlas is a consolidated reference guide for commonly used markers in stem cell biology, developmental biology, neuroscience, regenerative medicine, and disease modeling.

Markers are used to identify specific cell types, assess differentiation status, validate experimental outcomes, and annotate transcriptomic datasets.

Because no individual marker is completely specific, cell identity should always be confirmed using multiple complementary markers.


Marker Categories

CategoryPurpose
Lineage MarkersIdentify cell type
Transcription FactorsCell identity and fate specification
Surface MarkersCell sorting and flow cytometry
Functional MarkersSpecialized cellular function
Maturation MarkersDevelopmental stage

Pluripotent Stem Cells

MarkerTypeFunction
OCT4 (POU5F1)TFPluripotency
SOX2TFStemness
NANOGTFSelf-renewal
LIN28ARNA-bindingStem cell maintenance
TRA-1-60SurfaceUndifferentiated cells
TRA-1-81SurfaceUndifferentiated cells
SSEA-4SurfaceHuman PSC marker
EPCAMSurfaceEpithelial marker

Recommended Panel

  • OCT4
  • SOX2
  • NANOG
  • TRA-1-60

Neural Stem Cells (NSCs)

MarkerFunction
NestinNeural stem cell marker
SOX2Stemness
PAX6Neural commitment
Musashi-1 (MSI1)Neural progenitor marker
FABP7 (BLBP)Radial glia-like cells
VimentinImmature neural cells

Recommended Panel

  • Nestin
  • SOX2
  • PAX6

Neural Progenitor Cells (NPCs)

MarkerFunction
NestinNeural progenitor
SOX2Stemness
PAX6Neuroectoderm
Musashi-1Neural progenitor
ZO-1Neural rosettes
N-CadherinNeural epithelium
PLZFRosette marker
Ki67Proliferation

Recommended Panel

  • Nestin
  • SOX2
  • PAX6
  • Ki67

Neurons

Pan-Neuronal

MarkerFunction
βIII-Tubulin (Tuj1)Early neuron
MAP2Dendrites
NeuN (RBFOX3)Mature neurons
SynaptophysinPresynaptic protein
PSD95Postsynaptic protein

Recommended Panel

  • Tuj1
  • MAP2
  • NeuN

Cortical Neurons

TBR1 • CTIP2 (BCL11B) • SATB2 • BRN2

Dopaminergic Neurons

FOXA2 • LMX1A • NURR1 • TH • DAT • VMAT2

Motor Neurons

HB9 (MNX1) • ISL1 • ChAT • SMI32

GABAergic Neurons

GAD65 • GAD67 • VGAT


Astrocytes

MarkerFunction
GFAPIntermediate filament
S100βCalcium-binding protein
ALDH1L1Pan-astrocyte marker
AQP4Water channel
EAAT1 (GLAST)Glutamate transporter
EAAT2 (GLT-1)Glutamate transporter
Connexin-43Gap junction protein

Recommended Panel

  • GFAP
  • ALDH1L1
  • S100β

Microglia

MarkerFunction
TMEM119Homeostatic microglia
P2RY12CNS-specific microglia
CX3CR1Chemokine receptor
TREM2Phagocytosis regulation
IBA1 (AIF1)Pan-microglial marker
CD11bMyeloid marker
CD68Activated microglia

Recommended Panel

  • IBA1
  • TMEM119
  • P2RY12

Disease-Associated Microglia (DAM)

APOE • TREM2 • CST7 • LPL • ITGAX (CD11c)


Oligodendrocyte Lineage

OPCs

NG2 (CSPG4) • PDGFRα • Olig2 • NKX2.2

Recommended Panel

  • NG2
  • PDGFRα
  • Olig2

Mature Oligodendrocytes

MBP • PLP1 • MOG • MAG

Recommended Panel

  • MBP
  • PLP1
  • MOG

Schwann Cells

SOX10 • S100β • MPZ • PMP22

Recommended Panel

  • SOX10
  • MPZ

Endothelial Cells

CD31 (PECAM1) • VE-Cadherin (CDH5) • vWF • KDR (VEGFR2)

Blood-Brain Barrier

Claudin-5 • Occludin • ZO-1 • GLUT1

Recommended Panel

  • CD31
  • VE-Cadherin
  • vWF

Pericytes

PDGFRβ • NG2 • CD146 • Desmin

Recommended Panel

  • PDGFRβ
  • NG2
  • CD146

Hepatocytes

Albumin (ALB) • HNF4α • CYP3A4 • CYP2E1 • SERPINA1 (AAT)

Recommended Panel

  • Albumin
  • HNF4α
  • CYP3A4

Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs)

Positive Markers

CD73 • CD90 • CD105

Negative Markers

CD34 • CD45 • CD14 • HLA-DR

ISCT Recommended Panel

  • CD73+
  • CD90+
  • CD105+
  • CD34−
  • CD45−

Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs)

CD34 • CD90 • CD49f • CD38^low

Recommended Panel

  • CD34
  • CD90
  • CD49f

Common Flow Cytometry Panels

Cell TypeSuggested Panel
Human PSCsTRA-1-60, TRA-1-81, SSEA-4
NSCsNestin, SOX2, PAX6
NPCsNestin, SOX2, Ki67
AstrocytesGFAP, ALDH1L1, S100β
MicrogliaCD11b, TMEM119, P2RY12
OPCsPDGFRα, NG2, O4
Endothelial CellsCD31, VE-Cadherin, vWF
MSCsCD73, CD90, CD105

Common scRNA-seq Marker Sets

Cell TypeRepresentative Genes
NeuronsRBFOX3, MAP2, SNAP25, SYT1
AstrocytesGFAP, AQP4, ALDH1L1, SLC1A3
MicrogliaTMEM119, P2RY12, CX3CR1, AIF1
OligodendrocytesMBP, PLP1, MOG, MOBP
OPCsPDGFRA, CSPG4, OLIG1, OLIG2

Important Marker Caveats

MarkerLimitation
GFAPAlso expressed in radial glia, reactive astrocytes and some NSCs
IBA1Also labels macrophages and activated monocytes
NestinPresent in multiple neural progenitor populations
SOX2Shared by pluripotent stem cells and neural stem cells
CD11bNot specific for microglia

Always validate cell identity using multiple complementary markers and, where appropriate, functional assays.


References

  • Zhang Y et al. Purification and characterization of progenitor and mature human astrocytes. Neuron (2016).
  • Abud EM et al. iPSC-derived microglia models. Neuron (2017).
  • Sloan SA et al. Human astrocyte maturation. Neuron (2017).
  • Darmanis S et al. A survey of human brain transcriptome diversity. PNAS (2015).